Repeat-sprint ability (RSA) defines how well athletes sustain explosive efforts with short recoveries. VO₂ Max doesn’t set sprint speed but drives recovery—faster PCr recharge, quicker clearance, and less drop-off late in games. Elite performance blends aerobic capacity with targeted RSA training.

Lactate isn’t just “the burn.” It’s both a marker of rising intensity and a valuable fuel. By pairing lactate thresholds (LT1/LT2) with ventilatory thresholds (VT1/VT2), athletes can define training zones, target the right systems, and improve performance through smarter, more efficient workouts.

VO₂ Max sets your aerobic ceiling, but performance depends on more than oxygen uptake. Endurance outcomes are determined by three levers: ceiling (VO₂ Max), usable fraction (threshold/Redline Ratio), and cost (economy/efficiency). Together, they dictate how much speed or power you can actually sustain.

VO₂ Max above 90 ml/kg/min is extremely rare, seen in athletes like Bjørn Dæhlie (96) and Oskar Svendsen (97.5). Genetics, massive stroke volume, dense capillaries, and years of intense aerobic training converge. High VO₂ Max matters, but efficiency and fractional utilization (Redline Ratio) define sustained performance.